Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 1994, 54: 183-190
Past and present of
the Department of
Neurophysiology in
the Nencki Institute
Bogusław Żernicki *
Department of
Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental
Biology,
02-093
The
Department of Neurophysiology was founded in the Nencki
Institute in 1946. At that time the Institute was located in Łódź, since
In the middle fifties the Institute moved back
to
In the
early seventies Polish authorities offered more money
for science and for the second time after the war many new positions became
available in the Institute. Konorski’ s pupils were joined by about 20 young researchers:
a third generation of workers appeared in the Department. Some of them (Anna Grabowska, Małgorzata Kossut, Andrzej Wróbel, Jolanta Zagrodzka) are at present the heads of laboratories in the
Department.
In 1973 Jerzy Konorski died and I
succeeded him as the head of the Department. It was rather difficult to succeed
a great leader and to direct the Department which was rapidly changing.
However, I was fortunate to receive the help of several colleagues. I
especially owe much to Irena Stępień and
later to Jolanta Zagrodzka.
I have also received important encouragement from two distinguished foreign
colleagues, Jerzy Rose and Eliot Stellar.
Although
large, the Department has remained well integrated. Our common roots are
certainly one
*
Prof. B. Żernicki has led the Department of
Neurophysiology for almost thirty years (1973-2001). His contribution to the
scientific development of the Department was memorized after his death (2002)
in vol. 62, issue 2 of Acta Neurobiologiae
Experimentalis.
184 B. Żernicki
of the important reasons of integration. The Department’s Wednesday seminars are excellent forum for discussion of our results. Last but not least we help each other in many respects. For example, Anna Kosmal is always ready to help in neuroanatomy and Kazimierz Zieliński in statistics.
We are fortunate
that our Department is a part of the Nencki
Institute. First, the development of various biological techniques in the
Department make important contacts with three remaining
Institute’s departments: the Department of Cellular Biochemistry, the
Department of Muscle Biochemistry and the Department of Cell Biology. Second,
the Institute provides outstanding facilities for our work. In particular, we
have an excellent animal house (headed by Maria Walkowska,
previous Department’s member) and library with almost all neuroscience
journals.
The
Department has always maintained vivid contacts with other neuroscience
laboratories in
We have also been collaborating with many
foreign laboratories. About 250 foreign guests presented their results in the Department, some of them visit us every few years. We had
about 50 foreign visitors, from East and West, working in the Department for at
least three months. Some of our long-term and/or frequent visitors influenced
strongly our work. Among these are: Jim Brennan, Ivan Divac,
George Gerstein, Pawel Hnik,
Adrian Morrison, Tomasz Radil,
Guy Santibanez and Jeffrey Wilson. We also owe a lot
to some other foreign friends: Giorgio Bignami, Roberst Brush, Jan Bureš,
Pierre Buser, Robert W. Doty, Giuseppe Moruzzi, Giancarlo Pepeu, Steve
Rose, Pavel Simonov, Jim
Sprague, Michael Stewart, Holger Ursin
and Clinton Woolsey. Many collaborations and the participation of many our
workers in the international conferences were sponsored by international
organizations, in particular by IBRQ and the European Training Programme in Brain and Behaviour
Research. The Department publishes a well established international journal Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis (until 1970, its title was Acta Biologiae Experimentalis).
We have
very close relations with the Laboratory of Neuropsychology
in
The
Department is a place where Western and Eastern neuroscientists meet
frequently. This particularly happens during international symposia organized
by the Department. A good example is “The Warsaw colloquium on
instrumental conditioning and brain research” (see Żernicki
and Zieliński 1979), where half of the
participants were from Eastern and half from Western countries. Many of our
workers moved abroad for various reasons, not only scientific, but also
political, personal and financial as the funds for conducting research are scarce and the wages of scientists ridiculously low in
Department of Neurophysiology 185
Anna Potempska, Janusz Rajkowski, Ewa Rożkowska-Ruttiman, Stanisław Sobótka,
Stefan Sołtysik, Bolek
Srebro, Iwona Stępniewska, Jolanta Ułas, Klaudiusz Weiss, Andrzej Wieraszko, Wanda Wyrwicka and Andrzej Zbrożyna. At the 75th anniversary of the Institute we
were not in the position to invite our numerous foreign friends because of
financial limitations. However, we invited previous members of the Institute
and many of them could attend the anniversary conference.
A number
of Department’s workers died. It was particularly difficult to accept the
death of these who left as young persons. These were Stefan Brutkowski,
Jadwiga Dąbrowska and Renard Korczyński.
The
Department has obtained important results in the majority of fields of
neuroscience, but it is concentrated on various aspects of neural plasticity
(learning and memory, development driven by sensory stimulation, recovery of
function after brain damage). It is beyond the scope of this article to review
systematically the Department’s achievements. I will only mention some
representative results, characterizing the past and the present lines of
research. Many of our papers were published in Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis;
some are in the proceedings of symposia organized by the Department (Konorski et al. 1972, Doty et al. 1973/1974, Żernicki and Zieliński
1979/1980, Oderfeld-Nowak et al. 1990). Some of our
results were described in detail in Konorski’s
monograph (1967) and in review papers (Brutkowski
1965, Konorski 1968, Fonberg
1986, Żernicki 1986, 1991, Kossut
1992).
Conditioning. Konorski
(1948) presented a concept of neuronal plasticity and a concept that the
mechanism of conditioned reflexes is based on the Sherringtonian
principles of functioning of the central nervous system. Konorski
and Szwejkowska (1952) described the principle of the
primacy of the first conditioned-reflex training. Wyrwicka
(1952) provided evidence that there are double connections linking the
“center” of the conditioned stimulus with the “center”
of the instrumental motor act; one of them is indirect, through the drive
“center”. Tarnecki (1962) demonstrated
that it is easy to instrumentalize a movement
elicited by electrical stimulation of the sensory cortex but not the motor cortex.
Sołtysik and Kowalska
(1960) determined the relations between classical and instrumental components
in defensive conditioning. Górska and Jankowska (1961) found that proprioceptive
feedback plays a minimal role in the instrumental conditioned reflex. Walasek et al. (in press) found a bidirectional effect of
novel stimuli on the bar pressing response in rats. Łukaszewska
and Niewiadomska (in press) found that discrimination
learning is better in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in normotensive controls. Dobrzańska
(1978) described social learning in ants and Godzińska
et al. (1992) rapid escape learning in bumblebees.
Prefrontal cortex. It was found that after prefrontal lesions in dogs the inhibitory
conditioned reflexes are disinhibited (Brutkowski et al. 1956, Dąbrowska
1972, Brennan et al. 1976). Zieliński (1972)
showed that the short-latency avoidance responses are severely impaired in
prefrontal cats. Stępień (1974) found that
in prefrontal dogs the response to the conditioned stimulus location is
enhanced. Dreher and Żernicki
(1969) described the impairment of habituation of the ocular orienting reflex
in prefrontal cats. Ławicka and Konorski (1959) and Stasiak and Ławicka (1990) found, respectively, that following
prefrontal lesions in dogs the delayed responses and responses in the Konorski Test for short-term memory are impaired. Kosmal and associates (Kosmal
1981, Markow-Rajkowska and Kosmal
1987) described the distribution of afferents to frontal cortex in dogs.
Memory. Konorski
(1967) presented a concept of gnostic units. Budohoska et. al
(1973) described different mechanisms for immediate and short-term memory in
man. Łukaszewska (1985) determined properties of
the short-term memory of a visual change in rats. Nikolaev et al. (1992)
documented increased expression of the c-fos mRNA in
rat brain in learning-related phenomena and Kaczmarek
(1993) formulated a hypothesis that gene regulatory regions play an important
role in the integration of information during long-term memory formation.
186 B. Żernicki
Limbic
system. Fonberg
(1958) presented a concept on the role of fear in neurotic states. Fonberg and associates (see Fonberg
1986) discovered the inhibitory and excitatory role of two antagonistic parts
of amygdala in motivation, emotional disorders and
conditioned responses. Zagrodzka and Fonberg (1978) determined neural mechanism of the predatory
behavior in cats. Kostarczyk and Fonberg
(1982) determined the role of autonomic changes in the mechanisms of alimentary
and social rewards in dogs. Werka and Marek (1990) found that amygdala
is strongly involved in the control of post-stress analgesia. Srebro et al. (1973)
showed that the destruction of specific septal nuclei
evoked the degeneration of cholinergic fibers in the hippocampus.
Sensory systems. Using behavioural and electrophysiological methods Grabowska (1983) and Sobótka
et al. (1984) showed in man that visual information is differently processed
and stored in the left and right hemispheres. Walerjan
and Tarnecki (1991) developed a new mapping technique
for analysis of cerebral electrical activity in man. Harutiunian et al. (1970)
and Turlejski (1975) described visual single unit
responses in the tecto-pretectal region and in the
lateral suprasylvian cortex, respectively, in the awake cat’s cerebrum. Dec et al. (1978) described
visual responses in cat’s isolated midbrain. Wróbel
(1982) proposed a new model for the circuitry of the lateral geniculate body and Wróbel
et al. (1994) found the specific activity within beta frequency band (about 20
Hz) appearing in the cat’s visual cortex and lateral geniculate
nucleus during attentive visual behaviour. Dobrzecka
et al. (1965) found direct sensori-motor pathway in
dog’s cerebral cortex for the “specific tactile stimulus”. Chmielowska
et al. (1986) mapped the vibrissal projections to the
first somatosensory cortex of mice with
2-deoxyglucose and with this technique Kossut and Siucińska (1993) discovered reversible changes in the
cortical body maps of vibrissal receptors resulting
from classical conditioning training that involved stimulation of vibrissae. Korda (1974) described critical factors determinating
parental behavior in dogs. Chmurzyński (1964)
identified mechanisms underlying stages of spatial orientation in the digger
wasp Bembix rostrata.
Motor system. Afelt et
al. (1975) and Górska et al. (1993) described
postural and locomotor deficits in cats with spinal
lesions. Using a new recording technique Błaszczyk
and Dobrzecka (1989) determined principles of limb
coordination in dogs. Kasicki et al. (1991) described two locomotor
strips in cat’s diencephalon. Czarkowska-Bauch (1990) found common spinal mechanism of
the tactile placing and stumbling in cat. Ka1użny and Tarnecki
(1993) developed a new method for the analysis of dynamics of spike trains in
neuronal networks of cat’s cerebellum and red nucleus.
Development. Jabłonowska and Budohoska (1976), Kołtuska
and Grabowska (1992) and Szeląg
et al. (1992) provided evidence that brain lateralization develops in
ontogenesis and can be influenced by individual experience. Wyrwicka
(1959) and Ławicka (1989) described
impairment of the detour behaviour and delayed
response learning, respectively, in cage-reared animals. Zabłocka et al. (1980)
found that in cats deprived visually in the early period of life, the role of
the superior colliculus in visual learning is
increased. Michalski et al. (1984) found that one of
the ways in which visual deprivation affects neuronal responses is by altering
the interneuronal connectivity in primary visual
cortex. Głażewski et al. (1992) found a correlation between
functional plasticity of the barrel cortex and the development of mature
activity of voltage dependent calcium channels and NMDA receptors. Dobrzański (1971) described rapid manipulatory
learning in young ants.
Recovery from brain damage. Ślósarska and Żernicki
(1971) found that the sleep-waking cycle recovers in chronic pretrigeminal and cerveau isolé cats. Oderfeld-Nowak
et al.(1984) found in rats that administration of
exogenous gangliosides facilitates recovery from
brain damage.
Peripheral nervous system. Lubińska, Niemierko
and associates (Lubińska et al. 1963, Lubińska and Niemierko 1971)
discovered bidirectional flow of the axoplasm. Skangiel-Kramska and Niemierko
(1975) found the soluble form of acetocholinesterase
in peripheral nerves.
Department of Neurophysiology 187
TABLE 1
Current research
of the Department’s members with Ph.D.
|
|
BŁASZCZYK Janusz BUDOHOSKA Wanda CHMURZYŃSKI Jerzy CZARKOWSKA Julita DJAVADJAN Rouzanna DEC Krystyna FONBERG Elżbieta GODZIŃSKA Ewa GÓRSKA Teresa GRABOWSKA Anna KACZMAREK Leszek KAŁUŻNY Paweł KASICKI Stefan KOSMAL Anna KOSSUT Małgorzata KOWALSKA Danuta ŁAWICKA Wacława ŁUKASZEWSKA Irena MICHALSKI Andrzej NIEMIERKO Stella NIEWIADOMSKA G. NOWICKA Anna ODERFELD-NOWAK B. SKANGIEL-KRAMSKA J. SKUP
Małgorzata STASIAK Maciej SZELĄG Elżbieta TARNECKI Remigiusz TURLEJSKI Krzysztof WALASEK Grażyna WERKA Tomasz WĘSIERSKA Małgorzata WRÓBEL Andrzej ZABŁOCKA Teresa ZAGRODZKA Jolanta ŻERNICKI Bogusław ZIELIŃSKI Kazimierz |
Long term potentation, brain slices. Hemispheric
differences in visual perception in man. Spatial and
sexual orientation in insects. General ethology.
Biological roots of culture, esp. aesthetic phenomena. Segmental cutaneous reflexes. Hoffmann reflex in awake animals. Plasticity
of the monosynaptic reflex. Connections of
visual areas in cat. Serotonin in development. Electrophysiological
investigations of the visual system in cats. The role of amygdala and hypothalamus in alimentery
and social behavior, aggression and experimental neuroses. Pharmacological
investigations. Ethological
analysis of learning processes in social insects (ants and bumblebees). Locomotion after
spinal lesions. Psychophysiology
of vision in man. Neurosurgical patients. Hemispheric differences. Molecular basis
of neuronal plasticity. Learning and memory. Computational
neuroscience, neural networks, electrophysiology. Locomotion, EMG
and EEG investigations. Neuroanatomical and histochemical investigations of the associative cortex
and limbic system. Cortical
plasticity in visual and somatosensory systems. Cerebral
structures involved in recognition memory. Prefrontal
cortex. Short-term memory. Auditory targeting reflexes. Learning and
memory. Cholinergic system. Single neuron recording
from the visual cortex. Acetylcholinesterase in peripheral
nerves and in CNS. Neurochemical and
morphological correlates of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in adult
and ageing brain. Visual evoked
potentials, interhemisphere transmission of information,
hemispheric specialization. Biochemical
aspects of recovery from brain damage; neuron-glial
interactions; effects of gangliosides and neurotrophic factors. Neurochemical correlates of
brain plasticity. Neurotransmitter receptors. Quantitative auto-radiography. Neuronal death
and recovery after brain damage: mechanism of trophic
responses. Neurogenesis in the adult brain. Memory,
behavioral tests; prefrontal and temporal cortex. Visual deprivation. Time perception,
speech disorders, hemispheric differences. Visuomotor coordination,
electrophysiological investigations. Computer techniques in electrophysiology. Cortical
development and plasticity. Serotonin in development. Evolution of the CNS. Interrelations
between alimentary and defensive stimuli. Functional
recovery from cerebral lesions. The role of limbic system in defensive
behavior. Antagonism
between fear and alimentary drive in the CER method. Conditioned inhibitor.
Strategies of responding. Visual system,
electrophysiological investigations. Visual
deprivation, behavioral investigations. Predatory and
aggressive behavior in cats and rats; pharmacological and chirurgical manipulations. Visual
deprivation. Pretrigeminal preparation.
Ocular-fixation reflex. Strategies of
conditioning. Defensive conditioning. Stimulus control. Prefrontal cortex. |
188 B. Żernicki
The current research interests of individual Department’s members
can be found in Table I. A few of these researchers and 15 not listed young
fellows working for the Ph.D. constitute a fourth generation of researchers of
the Department.
A large group of highly experienced and devoted technical workers
contributed greatly to the progress of the Department. A few of them are: the
late Antoni Rosiak, animal
caretaker, the late engineer Józef Folga, the late Ewa Stajudowa, the managing editor of Acta
Neurobiologiae ExperimeiitaliS
and Maria Raurowicz, the retired worker of the
surgery room.
At present 12 laboratories constitute the Department of Neurophysiology:
Laboratory of Visual Perception (head, Bogusław Żernicki), Laboratory of Afferent Systems (head, Remigiusz Tarnecki), Laboratory
of Psychophysiology (head, Anna Grabowska),
Laboratory of Defensive Conditioned Reflexes (head, Kazimierz
Zieliński), Laboratory of Cortical Plasticity
(head, Małgorzata Kossut),
Laboratory of the Limbic System (head Jolanta Zagrodzka), Laboratory of Motor Control (head, Teresa Górska), Laboratory of Neurochemistry (head, Barbara
Oderfeld-Nowak), Laboratory of Ethology
(head, Jerzy Chmurzyński),
Laboratory of Neuroanatomy (head, Anna Kosmal), Laboratory of Visual System (head, Andrzej Wróbel) and
Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Brain Plasticity (head, Jolanta
Skangiel-Kramska). In addition, Tissue Culture Unit
(head, Leszek Kaczmarek) is
scientifically a part of the Department.
The Department is a large, interdisciplinary and active neuroscience
center. The presence of various lines of neurobiological research in the
Department as well as a large and experienced group of researchers in other
Institute’s departments form a fertile ground for cross-breeding of ideas
and borrowing of techniques. The new generation of neuroscientists grows in
this unique multidisciplinary environment that is most suitable for modern
neuroscience.
I thank Wacława Ławicka,
Krzysztof Turlejski and Kazimierz
Zieliński for comments.
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Paper presented at
the Conference on 75-th Anniversary of the Nencki Institute